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3-6 The crosslinguistic tendency in sound change is ‘simplification’, that is, complex sounds with more features become lenited into simpler sounds with less features. In Akkadian, *ʕ has zero reflexes and this was compensated by a process of e-raising adjacent *a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages ]. This process renders [ʕ-] into [ææ-] i.e [æ:]. This explains the earliest demonstrated records in a ‘Semitic’ language of the root ‘ʕdm ~ ʕtm’ which can be attributed to the name of the Assyrian king ‘Adamu’ 2400–2375 BCE [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu_(Assyrian_king) ]. Crosslinguistically also, the tendency in the common innovations or sound correspondence is that a sound like /d/ actually becomes /t/ through time - they technically call this process 'devoicing'. This explains the variation in the consonantal roots across Semitic and Afroasiatic languages [adm ~ atm].